After completing the course, the student will be able to explain the double-slit experiment in connection with the interference of light. Be able to explain and mathematically describe the phenomena of superposition and entanglement, and understand their consequences compared to classical physics. Explain the experiment with the Mach-Zender interferometer. Probability in quantum mechanics. Define a qubit mathematically, and give several physical examples and its implementations. Be able to master the vector description of quantum states (bra-ket notation). Describe the physical implementations of simple quantum gates, and several principles of the construction of quantum computers. Know the principles of operation of at least some key quantum algorithms (e.g. Deutsch, Grover, Shor), and understand their potential advantage, compared to classical algorithms. Describe the BB84 protocol, explain the essence of the EPR paradox. Explain the concept of quantum supremacy, and the problems faced by quantum computing.

Be able to mathematically describe qubit states, quantum operations, and the evolution of quantum systems, using the formalism of linear algebra. Be able to visualize and analyse the states of individual qubits using the Bloch sphere, and perform operations with them. Be able to design and analyse simple quantum circuits for implementing basic quantum algorithms. Be able to interpret the probabilistic results of quantum measurements, and connect them to the quantum state, before the measurement. Be able to discuss the main challenges in quantum computing, such as decoherence, scalability, and precision of qubit control.